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Nutrition

Malnutrition among older adults can affect immune and sensory functions and aggravate the symptoms of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. Unhealthy eating can also result in fatigue, digestive problems and anemia. That’s why a healthy diet is essential to optimal aging. Read more about the importance of good nutrition for older adults.

5 diet changes supported by research evidence
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Diet or exercise: Which works best for weight loss?
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Does menu labelling affect food choices?
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208 Show All 48Blog Posts 61Evidence Summaries 99Web Resource Ratings 2Patient Decision Aids

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  • Evidence Summary

    Nutritional strategies can improve body composition in underweight and overweight older adults

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports (2016)
  • Evidence Summary

    Interpretive labelling on restaurant menus decreases calories ordered and consumed

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Journal of the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics (2014)
  • Evidence Summary

    Financial incentives can help motivate people to make lifestyle changes

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Preventive Medicine (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2016)
  • Evidence Summary

    Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2012)
  • Evidence Summary

    Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2012)
  • Evidence Summary

    Self-monitoring of blood pressure (SMBP) leads to reduced blood pressure in patients with hypertension

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    American Journal of Hypertension (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    More research is needed to determine the best ways to avoid gaining weight – diet changes can help

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Combination of exercise and diet has small effects in reducing risk factors for type 2 diabetes

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (2014)
  • Evidence Summary

    Text-messaging interventions help people quit smoking and improve medication use among HIV positive

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    PLoS Medicine (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Mobile technology may support weight loss in overweight or obese adults in the short term; but long term impact is unknown.

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Obesity Reviews (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation can reduce fracture risk but not necessarily cancer risk

    Rating 5 out of 5 stars
    Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)
  • Evidence Summary

    Medical Nutrition therapy can improve blood sugar levels in adults living with prediabetes

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2023)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people with irritable bowel syndrome, low FODMAP diets improve symptoms compared with other dietary guidance

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Gut (2022)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people who have cardiovascular disease or are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, Mediterranean and low fat diets reduce risk for death

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    BMJ (2023)
  • Evidence Summary

    Chatbots may help improve physical activity and diet across various populations

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Npj Digital Medicine (2023)
  • Evidence Summary

    A variety of dietary patterns can improve body weight and average blood sugar levels in people living with type 2 diabetes

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (2023)
  • Evidence Summary

    Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk.

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2022)
  • Evidence Summary

    Plant-based diets that allow a limited amount of animal products can help reduce blood pressure

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Journal of Hypertension (2021)
  • Evidence Summary

    Non-nutritive sweeteners, as an alternative to sugar, may lead to weight reduction

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity (2020)
  • Evidence Summary

    Increased fruit and vegetable consumption may decrease the risk of fractures in men and women over 50

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Plos One (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    Meal satisfaction influences rates of malnutrition among older adults

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Asian Nursing Research (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    Written commitments, such as behavioural contracts, may increase weight loss and improve diet in the short-term in adults with obesity or who are overweight when combined with lifestyle change supports

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    BMC: BioMed Central Public Health (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    Dietary strategies may reduce symptoms of depression slightly among adults

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Psychosomatic Medicine (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    The Paleo diet may reduce weight, waist circumference, BMI, and body fat percentage in adults, but overall more research is needed to draw firm conclusions on its effect on risk factors for cardiovascular disease

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Advances in Nutrition (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    Low-sodium salt substitutes reduce blood pressure but do not affect risk for other cardiovascular diseases

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Heart (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    Dietary mobile apps may help people with chronic diseases decrease their weight, waist circumference, and calorie intake

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    The Portfolio diet in combination with an NCEP Step II diet may reduce multiple cardiometabolic risk factors

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2019)
  • Evidence Summary

    Folic acid or B-complex vitamins may reduce risk for heart attack and stroke

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    J Am Coll Cardiol (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    The Atkins diet may produce short-and-long-term weight loss in overweight and obese adults

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Nutrients (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    Vitamin D supplementation can improve blood sugar control among some people living with type 2 diabetes

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    Vegetarian diets, particularly vegan diets, help with weight loss.

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Journal of General Internal Medicine (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    In the short-term, low-carb diets decrease blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    Low-calorie diet and exercise improve blood sugar levels in people without impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at-risk adults.

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016)
  • Evidence Summary

    Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction (Review)

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2016)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people over 50 years of age, dietary or supplemental calcium increases bone mineral density

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    BMJ (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people over 50 years of age, calcium supplements have a small effect on preventing fractures

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    BMJ (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    Weight loss with a Mediterranean diet

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Am J Med (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    Combined diet and exercise changes improve body measurements and heart health more than changes in diet or exercise alone

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Systematic Reviews (2014)
  • Evidence Summary

    Diet and exercise promotion programs reduce risk of type 2 diabetes

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2012)
  • Evidence Summary

    Dietary advice for reducing cardiovascular risk

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Effect of cocoa on blood pressure

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2012)
  • Evidence Summary

    Lifestyle changes lower rates of type 2 diabetes among adults at increased risk, but may not prevent complications in those already diagnosed

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people with, or at risk of, heart disease, fatty acid supplements do not prevent heart attacks or death

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Ann Intern Med (2014)
  • Evidence Summary

    Fish-oil supplements slightly lower blood pressure in adults diagnosed with high blood pressure

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people with mild cognitive impairment, cholinesterase inhibitors do not prevent dementia

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Br J Psychiatry (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Computer delivered interventions have a small effect on knowledge and some health behaviors

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    Preventive Medicine (2008)
  • Evidence Summary

    Multiple lifestyle changes in people with established coronary heart disease reduce the risk for cardiovascular events

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Reduced salt intake reduces blood pressure in people with or without hypertension

    Rating 4 out of 5 stars
    BMJ (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Replacing salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women.

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2022)
  • Evidence Summary

    Food activities play an important role in identity maintenance during later life

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Aging and Mental Health (2015)
  • Evidence Summary

    Food literacy as a multidimensional concept

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Public Health Nutrition (2017)
  • Evidence Summary

    Community kitchens provide benefits for social and nutritional health

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Public Health Nutrition (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    Cooking interventions found to have positive impacts on confidence and self-esteem

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Health Education & Behavior (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    Modifying the consistency of food and fluids for swallowing difficulties in dementia.

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2018)
  • Evidence Summary

    The Mediterranean diet lowers risk of developing cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Annals of Internal Medicine (2016)
  • Evidence Summary

    In people without nutritional deficiencies, vitamin and mineral supplements do not reduce the risk of heart disease or cancer

    Rating 3 out of 5 stars
    Ann Intern Med (2013)
  • Evidence Summary

    There is limited evidence on the most cost-effective home-delivered meals programs for older adults

    Rating 2 out of 5 stars
    Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics (2015)
  • Blog Post

    Dietitian-delivered nutrition therapy for prediabetes

    Research investigates the role dietitians play in helping people living with prediabetes.
  • Blog Post

    Dietitian-delivered nutrition therapy for high blood pressure

    Research investigates the role dietitians play in helping to lower blood pressure.
  • Blog Post

    3 tips for people living with cardiovascular diseases

    Living with a cardiovascular disease? Research points to strategies that can improve physical and mental health.
  • Blog Post

    Irritable bowel syndrome and low FODMAP diets: Where does the evidence stand?

    Research shows whether a low FODMAP diet is effective for irritable bowel syndrome.
  • Blog Post

    Diet and cardiovascular disease: What works?

    Living with or at higher risk of cardiovascular disease? Research investigates what popular dietary programs can reduce the risk of death.
  • Blog Post

    Breaking bread alone or in company

    What do we know about the impact of eating alone or with others on health and well-being?
  • Blog Post

    3 evidence-based benefits of eating more fruits and vegetables

    Research makes the case for not skipping out on fruits and vegetables.
  • Blog Post

    ‘Food for thought’: Can diet protect cardiovascular health in people with type 2 diabetes?

    Living with type 2 diabetes? Consider how dietary changes can help reduce cardiovascular risk factors.
  • Blog Post

    6 evidence-based strategies for reducing blood pressure

    Looking for strategies to help you reduce your blood pressure or keep it in check? From lowering your salt intake to supplements, multiple strategies are available to increase your chance of success.
  • Blog Post

    Upping fruit and veggie consumption to get blood pressure down: What’s the case for plant-based diets?

    If you’re looking to lower your blood pressure through lifestyle changes, pay attention to your diet. Research shows that a diet of mostly plant-based foods may be beneficial, but careful consideration is needed to find the one that is best for you.
  • Blog Post

    Can satisfying your sweet tooth with sugar substitutes help with weight loss?

    Sugar substitutes are widely available, but can they help those of us looking to lose weight achieve this goal? It turns out, modest benefits may exist for some, but not others.
  • Blog Post

    Finding success with non-drug treatments: 4 common conditions that can benefit

    Are you living with dementia, high blood pressure, or urinary incontinence? See what the research has to say about your options for non-drug treatments. Hint: promising possibilities lie ahead.
  • Blog Post

    Supplementing our diets with supplements for heart health?

    At one time or another, dietary supplements have been a feature of many of our shopping carts and medicine cabinets. But is there substance to the hype when it comes to our heart health? The research suggests no, except in very specific scenarios.
  • Blog Post

    Better bone health: An apple a day to keep fractures away?

    Peppers, and tomatoes, and grapes. Oh my! If you’re looking for strategies to help protect your bones against breaks, see what the research has to say about fruit and vegetable intake.
  • Blog Post

    Too committed to quit it! Can making a commitment help you achieve your diet and weight loss goals?

    Is commitment making the answer to your weight loss woes? Recent research highlights where it may help and where more research is needed.
  • Blog Post

    Mental well-being: What’s ‘food’ got to do with it?

    Can diet impact mental well-being? Emerging evidence gives us some food for thought.
  • Blog Post

    Working to achieve or maintain a healthy body weight? These 3 evidence-based tips may help

    If you are currently working towards achieving or maintaining a healthy weight, consider these evidence-based strategies.
  • Blog Post

    Is echinacea good for upper respiratory tract infections?

    The use of echinacea to prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections continues to be a matter of hot debate. New research weighs in on the conversation.
  • Blog Post

    The Paleo diet: Does it help your heart?

    The Paleo diet encourages us to eat like our hunter-gatherer ancestors. While “going Paleo” may help with certain risk factors for heart disease, the jury is still out on these benefits and questions around safety remain.
  • Blog Post

    Support healthy aging with nutritional approaches that improve the make-up of your body

    Maintaining a healthy body composition is an important part of healthy aging. Research has found that a few different nutritional strategies may either keep you or get you on track.
  • Blog Post

    There can’t be too many cooks: Kitchen collectives to feed your needs

    Most Canadians eat out once a week or more, because it is more convenient, they don't have time, don't like to, or don't know how to cook. Some initiatives, such as collective kitchens, have been launched here and abroad to meet the nutritional, economical and social needs of people in the community.
  • Blog Post

    Fact or fiction: Research reveals the truth about common supplements

    There are many claims out there about the health benefits of dietary supplements, but not all claims are backed by evidence. Talk to your health care provider about which supplements may be beneficial to you.
  • Blog Post

    Identity on the plate: food activities can help older adults maintain their identity

    Food not only nourishes the body, it helps maintain or rebuild the individual and social identity of older adults. Deteriorating health or any other change due to aging threatens the social context of food activities, which can lead to social isolation and an identity crisis.
  • Blog Post

    “Pass the low-sodium salt substitute, please!” Could this be one way to help control blood pressure?

    No salt, no problem? Not exactly. Low-sodium salt substitutes may help lower blood pressure, but they are not safe for everyone.
  • Blog Post

    Dietary mobile apps put nutrition help at the fingertips of those with chronic disease

    More and more people are embracing the digital age. Those with chronic diseases have the option of turning to the plentiful supply of dietary mobile apps to better manage their health. While these apps hold promise, more work is needed to determine if they are safe and effective.
  • Blog Post

    Dietary mobile apps put nutrition help at the fingertips of those with chronic disease

    More and more people are embracing the digital age. Those with chronic diseases have the option of turning to the plentiful supply of dietary mobile apps to better manage their health. While these apps hold promise, more work is needed to determine if they are safe and effective.
  • Blog Post

    The Portfolio diet: An investment in your heart health?

    When it comes to lowering your cholesterol, eating a “portfolio” of cholesterol-lowing foods may be a good way to invest in your heart health.
  • Blog Post

    Can vitamin D ward off acute respiratory tract infections?

    Looking for ways to ward off acute respiratory tract infections? Vitamin D3 supplements may be your answer to helping prevent these unwelcome events.
  • Blog Post

    Just a fad? Do popular diets actually work?

    Losing weight and keeping it off is no easy task. While there are many popular diets out there, many are not backed by research to show that they work. However, a few do show promise.
  • Blog Post

    Vitamin D: A possible ally in the fight against diabetes

    Could vitamin D supplementation help you improve your blood sugar control? Research shows promise for some people living with type 2 diabetes.
  • Blog Post

    Selenium and cancer: Friends or foes?

    Selenium has been touted to have anti-cancer properties, but new research suggests that selenium supplements may be too much of a good thing.
  • Blog Post

    Oh my veggies! Can a vegetarian diet help you lose weight?

    With the numbers of overweight and obese adults on the rise globally, people are looking to different types of diets for solutions. To shed pounds, going lacto-ovo vegetarian or vegan may help.
  • Blog Post

    The diabetes epidemic: Don’t become a statistic!

    The global prevalence of diabetes continues to rise. Don’t become a statistic with the help of these simple lifestyle changes.
  • Blog Post

    Struggling to lose weight? Mindfulness may be the solution

    Mindfulness may be one way to help control your eating habits and become more physically active.
  • Blog Post

    Does menu labelling affect food choices?

    Eating out is convenient, but hidden calories can jeopardize a healthy diet. Can menu labeling help you make healthier food choices?
  • Blog Post

    Digestive problems? Try probiotics

    Got probiotics? These “good for you” bacteria, found in certain foods and available as supplements, contribute to a healthy digestive system and improve gastrointestinal problems.
  • Blog Post

    Diet or exercise: Which works best for weight loss?

    Want to lose some weight, keep it off and lower your risk of heart disease? Forget fad diets and extreme programs - learn the truth about the best ways to achieve your goals.
  • Blog Post

    5 diet changes supported by research evidence

    When it comes to food, too much of a good (tasting) thing can be bad for you. But too much food advice can be bad for you too, particularly if it’s not reliable. Revamp your diet by making changes that have been shown to help promote healthy aging.
  • Blog Post

    Living with heart failure: Effective self-care is key to coping well

    Heart failure is serious but people can live with the condition successfully. Giving people information about how to care for themselves is important, but additional support is necessary to promote effective self-care.
  • Blog Post

    Does salt really affect blood pressure?

    Cut back on salt for at least four weeks to lower blood pressure and the risk of heart disease.
  • Blog Post

    Antioxidant vitamins for eye health? Research evidence provides clarity

    Cataracts and macular degeneration commonly develop as we age. Will taking antioxidant vitamins help prevent these vision problems?
  • Blog Post

    Supporting seniors at higher risk of poor nutrition

    Eating well is not always easy. A panel of older adults share their thoughts and suggestions about ways to improve nutrition, especially for those most at risk.
  • Blog Post

    Diet changes, accountability and regular weigh-ins may be keys to maintaining ideal weight

    A healthy weight is important for optimal health. The best strategy is to avoid gaining weight. Sounds easy... find out how to do it!
  • Blog Post

    Don’t rely on fatty acid supplements for protection against heart disease

    Fatty acids (such as those found in fish, nuts, seeds and vegetable oils) provide health benefits, including lowering risk of heart disease. Fatty acid supplements may help lower blood pressure, but don’t prevent heart attacks in people already diagnosed with heart issues.
  • Blog Post

    Lifestyle counselling programs help people make healthy choices and beneficial changes

    People at risk of heart disease can improve their health by exercising and changing their diet. Lifestyle counselling programs can help people make these changes.
  • Blog Post

    Fish-oil supplements: another weapon against high blood pressure

    Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish promote heart health. Taking fish-oil supplements is an effective alternative to eating fish.
  • Blog Post

    Vitamin D and calcium: A dynamic duo in the maintenance of strong bones

    Calcium and vitamin D supplements help keep bones healthy and may reduce the risk of bone breaks in older adults.
  • Blog Post

    Does vitamin C help with the common cold?

    Vitamin C taken regularly as a supplement doesn't change the frequency of catching a cold but may help a little with the duration and the severity of your symptoms.
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